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India Solar Manufacturing in 2026: Inside Websol’s World-Class Module Manufacturing Line at Falta SEZ

Websol Branding on May 11, 2026

India Solar Manufacturing in 2026: Inside Websol's World-Class Module Manufacturing Line at Falta SEZ

India’s solar manufacturing sector has undergone one of the most dramatic industrial transformations in the country’s post-independence economic history. From near-total import dependence just a few years ago, India is rapidly building a domestically integrated solar supply chain — spanning silicon wafers, solar cells, and solar modules — capable of supplying the country’s rapidly growing installed capacity and competing in global export markets.

Websol Energy System Ltd. stands at the heart of this transformation. As one of India’s oldest solar cell manufacturers — with a continuous manufacturing history dating to 1994 — Websol has evolved from a modest production unit to a 1.2 GW cell and 550 MW module manufacturing complex at Falta Special Economic Zone in West Bengal. With a ₹3,000 crore expansion to 5.2 GW underway, Websol’s growth story mirrors and drives the rise of Indian solar manufacturing.

This comprehensive guide explores the state of India’s solar manufacturing industry, the technology and processes behind a world-class module manufacturing line, and what Websol’s expansion means for developers, investors, and the broader renewable energy ecosystem.

The State of India Solar Manufacturing: 2026 Update

India’s solar manufacturing landscape has been fundamentally reshaped by a combination of policy interventions and market dynamics:

ALMM: The Demand-Side Catalyst

The Approved List of Models and Manufacturers (ALMM) maintained by MNRE restricts government-linked solar procurement to modules from listed manufacturers. This policy, which became increasingly enforced from 2023 onwards, has been the single most powerful demand-side driver for Indian solar manufacturing. By creating a guaranteed, protected market for ALMM-listed domestic manufacturers, it de-risked the massive capital investments required for GW-scale cell and module manufacturing.

Indian domestic module manufacturing capacity listed under ALMM crossed 144 GW by late 2026 — a 99% year-on-year increase — representing tens of thousands of crores of new manufacturing investment across India.

PLI: The Supply-Side Catalyst

The Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme for solar PV modules provided upfront investment rationale for manufacturers willing to build domestic capacity. While Websol’s expansion has been funded primarily through internal accruals and market-rate debt (without PLI support), the PLI scheme has catalysed industry-wide capacity additions that collectively strengthen the ecosystem.

Import Duties: Protecting Domestic Manufacturing

Basic Customs Duty of 40% on imported solar modules and 25% on solar cells creates a meaningful cost advantage for domestically manufactured products — particularly important as global (primarily Chinese) module prices have been at historic lows.

India’s 500 GW Target: The Market Pull

India’s target of 500 GW of renewable energy by 2030 creates sustained demand for solar cells and modules at a scale that justifies the massive capital investments required for GW-scale manufacturing. Domestic manufacturers like Websol are essential suppliers to this demand — particularly given DCR requirements for government scheme projects.

Websol’s Manufacturing Complex at Falta SEZ: An Overview

Falta Special Economic Zone, located approximately 50 km south of Kolkata in West Bengal, is home to Websol’s integrated solar manufacturing facility. The Falta site encompasses:

  • 7 acres of manufacturing footprint
  • 1.2 GW fully automated solar cell manufacturing capacity (Phase I: 600 MW + Phase II: 600 MW, commissioned October 2026)
  • 550 MW solar module manufacturing line
  • Quality control laboratories
  • Effluent Treatment Plant
  • Warehouse and logistics infrastructure

The facility’s location within the Falta SEZ provides:

  • Duty-free import of manufacturing equipment and raw materials
  • Streamlined export documentation
  • Infrastructure support from SEZ authorities
  • Favourable regulatory environment for manufacturing operations

Inside the Cell Manufacturing Line: How Monocrystalline Solar Cells Are Made

Websol’s cell manufacturing lines at Falta are fully automated, operating with minimal human intervention in the production process. The automation eliminates human handling errors, ensures process consistency, and enables the high throughput required for GW-scale manufacturing.

Stage 1: Incoming Wafer Inspection and Sorting

Premium M10 (182 mm × 182 mm) monocrystalline silicon wafers arrive from verified suppliers and pass through:

  • Automatic optical inspection for surface defects, cracks, and contamination
  • Electrical testing for resistivity (bulk doping level) and minority carrier lifetime
  • Dimensional verification for thickness, total thickness variation, and bow

Only wafers meeting Websol’s incoming specifications enter the production line. Rejected wafers are returned to suppliers — ensuring no compromised material enters the cell.

Stage 2: Surface Texturisation

Wafers are immersed in heated alkaline solution (KOH or NaOH with additives) that selectively etches the silicon crystal planes to create a random pyramid surface texture. This textured surface dramatically reduces front-surface light reflection — from ~35% for polished silicon to under 3% — trapping photons that would otherwise be lost.

Stage 3: Emitter Diffusion

Wafers are loaded into a horizontal tube diffusion furnace with phosphorus oxychloride (POCl₃) gas at ~820°C. Phosphorus diffuses into the wafer surface, creating a thin n-type emitter layer (~200 nm) on the p-type wafer. This p-n junction is where photon-generated electron-hole pairs are separated to produce electrical current.

Stage 4: Phosphorous Silicate Glass (PSG) Removal

Diffusion deposits a glassy phosphosilicate layer on the wafer surface — this is removed by a brief HF acid dip, exposing clean silicon for subsequent processing.

Stage 5: Edge Isolation

Phosphorus diffuses around the wafer edges during the diffusion step, creating parasitic p-n junctions that would short-circuit front and rear contacts. Laser edge isolation removes these edge emitters, defining the active cell area precisely.

Stage 6: Anti-Reflection Coating (ARC)

Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition (PECVD) deposits a silicon nitride (SiNₓ) layer on the front surface. This layer serves dual purposes:

  • Optical: Refractive index graded to minimise reflection (responsible for the characteristic blue colour of monocrystalline cells)
  • Passivation: Hydrogen atoms in the SiNₓ diffuse into the silicon bulk during a subsequent firing step, passivating defects and improving bulk carrier lifetime

Stage 7: PERC Rear Passivation (Critical Differentiator)

The PERC rear passivation is what distinguishes Websol’s cells from standard BSF designs:

  1. Aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃) deposition by Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) — the primary passivation layer, with strong field-effect passivation
  2. Silicon nitride (SiNₓ) capping layer by PECVD — providing mechanical protection and additional passivation
  3. Laser Contact Opening (LCO) — a pulsed laser ablates precise openings (typically 50–100 μm wide) through the passivation stack where rear aluminium contacts will be formed

Stage 8: Screen Printing Metallisation

Conductive silver and aluminium pastes are screen-printed onto front and rear surfaces using precision screen printers:

  • Front: Fine silver fingers (30–35 μm wide) and busbars
  • Rear: Aluminium paste in inter-LCO areas + silver for busbar pads

Stage 9: Co-Firing

The printed cell passes through a belt furnace at ~800°C for a few seconds. The rapid thermal cycle:

  • Burns off organic binders in the paste
  • Forms ohmic contacts between silver/aluminium and silicon
  • Drives aluminium into the silicon at LCO openings to form the rear contacts
  • Fires the front silver through the SiNₓ ARC to contact the emitter

Stage 10: Automated Testing and Binning

Every cell undergoes:

  • I-V curve measurement under simulated AM1.5G illumination at STC
  • Electroluminescence (EL) imaging to detect internal defects invisible to the eye
  • Colour and visual inspection

Cells are automatically sorted into efficiency bins — ensuring matched cells within each module lot for optimal module performance.

Inside the Module Manufacturing Line: Cells to Finished Panels

Websol’s 550 MW module manufacturing line transforms individually tested solar cells into weatherproof, electrically complete solar modules rated for 25 years of outdoor operation.

Module Assembly Process

  1. Cell Pre-Inspection Selected, binned cells are visually inspected and EL-tested before entering the module line — a second quality gate before assembly.
  2. Tabbing and Stringing Automated tabber-stringer machines solder copper ribbon tabs to cell busbars and connect individual cells in series to form strings. Soldering parameters (temperature, pressure, speed) are continuously monitored and controlled.
  3. Matrix Layout (Lay-Up) Cell strings are laid out on the front glass (3.2 mm low-iron tempered) in the precise cell matrix configuration. Front EVA encapsulant sheet and cell strings are positioned, then rear EVA and rear glass (for bifacial) or backsheet (for monofacial) are placed.
  4. Lamination The glass-encapsulant-cell-encapsulant-glass stack enters a vacuum laminator. Under vacuum and controlled heat (typically 145–155°C), the EVA melts and cross-links, permanently bonding all layers into a monolithic laminate. Lamination parameters are tightly controlled to prevent voids, bubbles, or incomplete cross-linking.
  5. Post-Lamination EL Inspection Every laminate undergoes electroluminescence imaging to detect any microcracks, solder failures, or interconnect defects introduced during the lamination process. Detected defects trigger rejection before further value is added.
  6. Framing An anodised aluminium alloy frame is bonded to the laminate using structural silicone, providing mechanical rigidity and enabling standard mounting system compatibility.
  7. Junction Box An IP68-rated junction box is adhered to the rear surface and electrically connected to the cell strings. Bypass diodes in the junction box protect against hotspot formation under partial shading.
  8. Final Flash Testing Every completed module is tested at a solar simulator (flash tester) calibrated to IEC standards. The I-V curve at STC conditions is measured, and power output is recorded. Only modules meeting or exceeding their rated power are passed.
  9. Visual and Mechanical Inspection Final inspection covers: glass surface, frame, junction box, connectors, labels, and overall appearance.
  10. Packing and Dispatch Modules are packed in anti-static cartons, palletised, and prepared for dispatch to domestic or export destinations.

Websol’s Expansion: The Path to 5.2 GW

Websol’s approved expansion plans will transform the company’s manufacturing scale:

Phase

Cell Capacity

Module Capacity

Target Date

Technology

Phase I

600 MW

–

2023 (complete)

Mono PERC

Phase II

+600 MW (total: 1.2 GW)

550 MW

Oct 2026 (complete)

Mono PERC

Phase III

+2 GW (total: 3.2 GW)

+2 GW (total: 2.55 GW)

June 2027

TOPCon

Phase IV

+2 GW (total: 5.2 GW)

+2 GW (total: 4.55 GW)

June 2028

TOPCon

This expansion trajectory will make Websol one of India’s largest vertically integrated solar cell and module manufacturers — with a manufacturing platform capable of supplying the equivalent of 5 GW of solar power capacity per year.

Conclusion

India’s solar manufacturing story is one of the most important industrial narratives of our time — and Websol Energy System Ltd. has been writing it since 1994. From a small facility in Kolkata to a 7-acre, GW-scale manufacturing complex at Falta SEZ, Websol’s journey mirrors India’s own transition from solar import dependency to manufacturing self-reliance.

With 1.2 GW of automated Mono PERC cell capacity, 550 MW of module manufacturing, and an approved ₹3,000 crore expansion to 5.2 GW of TOPCon cell capacity by 2028, Websol is investing in India’s solar future with conviction. For developers, EPCs, and investors seeking a trusted, certified, domestically manufactured solar partner with the capacity to supply at scale — Websol is India’s answer.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q1. Where is Websol's manufacturing facility located?

Websol’s manufacturing facility is located at Falta Special Economic Zone (SEZ), Sector II, West Bengal — approximately 50 km south of Kolkata.

Websol currently has 1.2 GW of solar cell manufacturing capacity and 550 MW of solar module manufacturing capacity at Falta SEZ.

Websol’s module line uses automated tabber-stringers, vacuum laminators, post-lamination EL inspection, and precision flash testing — producing M10 Bifacial Mono PERC modules rated 500–660 Wp.

Yes. Both Websol’s cell and module manufacturing lines are fully automated, with human intervention limited to supervision, quality inspection, and maintenance roles.

ISO 9001:2015, ISO 14001:2015, ISO 45001:2018, IEC 61215, IEC 61730, UL 1703, BIS IS 14286, and TÜV Rheinland certifications.

Websol’s Board has approved expansion to 5.2 GW of solar cell capacity and 4.55 GW of module capacity by June 2028, using TOPCon technology for new phases.

Websol’s manufacturing meets IEC and UL international standards and has been certified by TÜV Rheinland (Germany), Underwriters Laboratories (USA), and EuroTest (Italy) — confirming its products meet global quality benchmarks.

N-Type Solar Cells: The Next Frontier in High-Efficiency Solar Technology

Websol Branding on May 7, 2026

N-Type Solar Cells: The Next Frontier in High-Efficiency Solar Technology — Websol's TOPCon Roadmap

The solar industry is on the cusp of its next major technology transition. While Mono PERC (p-type) cells have dominated the market through the early 2020s, a new generation of n-type solar cells — led by TOPCon (Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact) technology — is rapidly emerging as the next efficiency benchmark for high-performance solar modules.

Websol Energy System Ltd. has been at the forefront of p-type Mono PERC manufacturing for years. Now, with a ₹3,000 crore capacity expansion approved and TOPCon-based technology selected for its next-generation 4 GW manufacturing platform, Websol is positioning itself at the leading edge of India’s n-type solar manufacturing future.

This guide explains what n-type solar cells are, how they differ from p-type PERC cells, the TOPCon technology that makes them work, and why the transition matters for solar project developers and investors.

Understanding the Difference: P-Type vs. N-Type Solar Cells

All crystalline silicon solar cells are built on a silicon wafer doped with impurities to create semiconductor properties. The type of dopant determines whether the cell is p-type or n-type:

P-Type Silicon (Mono PERC)

P-type silicon is doped with boron — an element with 3 valence electrons that creates “holes” (positive charge carriers) as the majority carrier. Mono PERC cells use p-type wafers with an n-type emitter layer on the front surface created by phosphorus diffusion.

Limitation: Boron-oxygen (B-O) complexes form when the silicon is exposed to light, creating defects that temporarily reduce carrier lifetime — a phenomenon called Light Induced Degradation (LID). While modern p-type PERC manufacturing has reduced LID significantly, it remains a characteristic of boron-doped p-type silicon.

N-Type Silicon (TOPCon, HJT, IBC)

N-type silicon is doped with phosphorus — which has 5 valence electrons, creating free electrons as majority carriers. Critically, n-type silicon does not contain boron, so it is immune to the B-O defect mechanism responsible for LID.

N-type silicon also typically has higher bulk minority carrier lifetime — the time an electron survives before recombining — which translates directly to higher cell efficiency potential.

What Is TOPCon Technology?

TOPCon (Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact) is the leading n-type solar cell architecture for large-scale manufacturing. The technology was pioneered by Fraunhofer ISE and has been industrialised rapidly by leading global cell manufacturers.

The TOPCon cell structure adds a critical innovation to the n-type PERC concept: a tunnel oxide + doped polysilicon layer on the rear surface that provides near-perfect passivation of the rear contact.

TOPCon Cell Architecture

Front Side (Similar to PERC):

  • N-type silicon wafer substrate
  • Boron-doped p-type emitter (front surface field)
  • Silicon nitride anti-reflection coating
  • Fine-line silver metallisation

Rear Side (TOPCon-Specific):

  • Ultra-thin silicon oxide layer (~1.5 nm) — the “tunnel oxide”
  • In-situ phosphorus-doped polysilicon layer (~150 nm)
  • Silicon nitride capping layer
  • Full-area rear metal contact (no need for laser contact openings)

The tunnel oxide + polysilicon stack creates a passivating contact that is simultaneously:

  • Electrically conductive (electrons tunnel through the ultra-thin oxide)
  • Passivating (the polysilicon layer creates a field effect that repels minority carriers from the contact, reducing recombination)

This dual functionality — the defining innovation of TOPCon — is what enables efficiencies of 24%–25.5% in production, compared to 21–23% for optimised PERC.

N-Type vs. P-Type: A Technical Comparison

Parameter

P-Type Mono PERC

N-Type TOPCon

Base dopant

Boron

Phosphorus

LID (Light Induced Degradation)

Present (managed)

Absent

Cell efficiency (production)

21–23%

23.5–25.5%

Bifacial factor

75–80%

85–90%

Temperature coefficient (Pmax)

~-0.35%/°C

~-0.30%/°C

Annual degradation rate

~0.5%

~0.4%

Manufacturing complexity

Moderate

Higher

Relative cost

Established baseline

5–10% premium

The higher bifacial factor of n-type TOPCon cells (85–90% vs. 75–80% for PERC) is particularly valuable for ground-mount installations where bifacial gain is a significant energy yield driver.

The lower temperature coefficient (-0.30% vs. -0.35%/°C) means n-type TOPCon cells lose less efficiency on hot Indian summer days — a real performance advantage in the Indian climate where cell temperatures routinely exceed 60°C.

The lower annual degradation rate (~0.4% vs ~0.5%) means n-type cells generate more cumulative energy over a 25-year project life — an important consideration for project NPV calculations and power purchase agreement terms.

Websol’s N-Type TOPCon Roadmap

Websol Energy System has made a strategic commitment to n-type solar cell technology as the foundation of its next growth phase:

Current Position (2025)

  • 1.2 GW of p-type Mono PERC cell manufacturing at Falta SEZ
  • 550 MW module manufacturing line
  • TOPCon technology piloting underway on existing PERC lines (PERC lines have inherent upgrade compatibility with TOPCon architecture)

Phase III (by June 2027)

  • Addition of 2 GW TOPCon solar cell line
  • Addition of 2 GW solar module line
  • New capacity to be developed through Websol’s wholly owned subsidiary
  • Investment: Part of ₹3,000 crore total Phase III + IV budget

Phase IV (by June 2028)

  • Additional 2 GW TOPCon solar cell line
  • Additional 2 GW solar module line
  • Total capacity post-expansion: 5.2 GW cells + 4.5 GW modules

The selection of TOPCon technology for Websol’s expansion reflects the industry consensus that n-type TOPCon offers the optimal balance of efficiency advantage, manufacturing scalability, and cost economics for the next decade of solar deployment.

Why N-Type Cells Matter for Indian Solar Projects

India’s ambitious 500 GW renewable energy target by 2030 means solar projects must maximise energy yield from every hectare of land and every rupee of capital. N-type TOPCon cells deliver advantages that compound across the 25-year project lifecycle:

Higher Energy Yield

A 100 MW solar farm using 24.5% efficiency TOPCon modules versus 22% efficiency PERC modules generates approximately 11% more electricity annually from the same land area — without any additional capital cost beyond the marginal module premium.

Better Performance in Indian Heat

India’s solar irradiance is high — but so are temperatures. The lower temperature coefficient of n-type cells (-0.30%/°C vs -0.35%/°C for PERC) translates to less power loss on hot days — precisely when peak demand often occurs and grid tariffs are highest.

Lower Degradation = More 25-Year Revenue

A 0.4%/year degradation rate vs. 0.5%/year means an n-type system retains significantly more output by year 25. For a 100 MW project, this cumulative difference in energy generation translates to crores of rupees in additional revenue over the plant’s operating life.

Stronger Bifacial Performance

N-type TOPCon’s 85–90% bifacial factor extracts more value from ground-reflected light compared to PERC’s 75–80% bifacial factor — meaningful at scale.

The Transition from PERC to TOPCon: What It Means for Buyers

The good news for project developers is that n-type TOPCon modules are electrically compatible with the same inverters, mounting systems, and BOS components used with PERC modules. There is no system-level redesign required to switch from PERC to TOPCon specification.

For buyers, the transition means:

  • Specifying module efficiency ≥ 23.5% opens the door to TOPCon technology
  • Requesting bifacial factor ≥ 85% effectively selects n-type over p-type
  • Energy yield simulations should use TOPCon-specific parameters (lower temp coefficient, lower degradation, higher bifacial factor) for accurate LCOE modelling
  • Warranty terms: look for manufacturers offering ≥80% at 30 years (some TOPCon manufacturers have extended to 30-year warranties given the lower degradation profile)

Monocrystalline Solar Cells: The Common Thread

Both p-type Mono PERC and n-type TOPCon cells share one fundamental characteristic: they are built on monocrystalline silicon wafers — single-crystal silicon with minimal grain boundary defects. This is what distinguishes them from polycrystalline cells and gives them their efficiency advantage.

Websol has specialised in monocrystalline solar cell manufacturing since the 1990s — developing deep expertise in monocrystalline wafer characterisation, surface texturisation, diffusion, and contact formation that applies across both PERC and TOPCon cell architectures. This institutional knowledge base is a key enabler of Websol’s confident move into n-type TOPCon manufacturing.

Conclusion

N-type solar cells — particularly TOPCon technology — represent the next chapter in the monocrystalline silicon efficiency story. Higher cell efficiency, zero LID, lower temperature coefficient, lower degradation, and superior bifacial performance make n-type TOPCon the technology of choice for high-performance solar projects targeting low LCOE and maximum 25-year energy yield.

Websol Energy System Ltd. is investing ₹3,000 crore to build a 4 GW TOPCon manufacturing platform — ensuring that India has a domestic, technologically advanced n-type solar cell manufacturer capable of supporting the country’s solar ambitions through 2030 and beyond.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q1. What is the difference between n-type and p-type solar cells?

N-type solar cells use phosphorus-doped silicon (majority carrier: electrons) while p-type cells use boron-doped silicon (majority carrier: holes). N-type cells are immune to Light Induced Degradation (LID) and typically achieve higher efficiency.

Commercial n-type TOPCon cells achieve 23.5–25.5% efficiency in production, compared to 21–23% for optimised p-type Mono PERC cells.

Websol has approved 4 GW of TOPCon cell capacity expansion in two phases — 2 GW by June 2027 and an additional 2 GW by June 2028 — with a total investment of ₹3,000 crore.

Yes. TOPCon modules use the same voltage, current, and connector standards as PERC modules. They are compatible with standard string inverters, mounting structures, and DC cabling.

Yes. N-type TOPCon cells have a lower temperature coefficient (~-0.30%/°C vs ~-0.35%/°C for PERC), meaning they lose less efficiency on hot days — an advantage in India’s high-temperature solar environment.

N-type TOPCon cells typically degrade at ~0.4%/year vs ~0.5%/year for PERC — generating meaningfully more cumulative energy over a 25-year project lifetime.

Yes. TOPCon modules are electrically and mechanically compatible with PERC specifications. Websol will continue supplying Mono PERC products while TOPCon capacity is ramped up — ensuring seamless continuity for existing customers.

India’s Trusted Photovoltaic Cells Manufacturer: Inside Websol Energy System’s 30-Year Solar Legacy

Websol Branding on May 4, 2026

India's Trusted Photovoltaic Cells Manufacturer: Inside Websol Energy System's 30-Year Solar Legacy

India’s solar energy ambition is one of the most remarkable industrial stories of the 21st century. From less than 10 GW of installed capacity a decade ago, the country is racing toward 500 GW of renewable energy by 2030, with solar photovoltaics at the heart of that mission. Behind every megawatt of solar power lies a critical, often invisible component: the photovoltaic cell — the semiconductor unit that converts sunlight directly into electricity.

At Websol Energy System Ltd., we have been manufacturing photovoltaic cells in India since 1994 — making us one of the country’s earliest and most experienced solar cell producers. This article explores the science of photovoltaic cells, the state of India solar manufacturing, and why the choice of your photovoltaic cells manufacturer matters profoundly for long-term energy generation performance.

What Is a Photovoltaic Cell and How Does It Work?

A photovoltaic (PV) cell is a semiconductor device, typically made from silicon, that converts photons from sunlight into direct current (DC) electricity via the photovoltaic effect. When photons strike the silicon material, they excite electrons, causing them to flow through an external circuit — generating electricity.

Modern high-efficiency solar cells are far more sophisticated than the simple p-n junction devices of the 1960s. Today’s monocrystalline solar cells use:

  • Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell (PERC) architecture to reduce recombination losses
  • Bifacial designs that harvest light from both front and rear surfaces
  • Advanced anti-reflection coatings to maximise photon absorption
  • Fine-line metallisation printed with precision to reduce shading losses

The efficiency of a photovoltaic cell — the percentage of sunlight it converts to electricity — has climbed from around 6% in early commercial cells to over 23% in today’s premium monocrystalline solar cells. Every percentage point of efficiency gain translates directly into more electricity from the same roof area or land footprint.

Websol Energy System: A Photovoltaic Cells Manufacturer Built on Three Decades of Expertise

Websol Energy System Ltd. was incorporated in February 1990 and began commercial solar cell production in 1994. Founded through a collaboration between WEBEL (a West Bengal Government undertaking), S.L. Industries, and Helios Technology of Italy, Websol was conceived from the outset as a technologically driven photovoltaic manufacturer with global standards.

Over three decades, the company has evolved from a modest production unit to an advanced, fully automated solar manufacturing complex at Falta Special Economic Zone (SEZ), West Bengal — spread across seven acres and equipped with state-of-the-art process technology.

Key Milestones in Websol’s Solar Manufacturing Journey

Year

Milestone

1990

Company incorporated; collaboration with Helios Technology, Italy

1994

Commercial photovoltaic cell production begins at Falta SEZ

2005

Awarded the prestigious PV GAP mark

2011

Renamed Websol Energy System Limited

2023

Commissioned 600 MW Mono PERC bifacial cell line + 550 MW module line

2025

Second 600 MW cell line commissioned; total cell capacity reaches 1.2 GW

2028

Planned total capacity of 5.2 GW cells + 4.5 GW modules (TOPCon-based expansion)

This trajectory reflects not just corporate growth but the maturing of India’s solar manufacturing ecosystem — from early-stage, import-dependent assembly to integrated, export-quality domestic production.

The Science Behind Monocrystalline Solar Cells

All photovoltaic cells are not equal. The crystal structure of the silicon determines how efficiently it converts light to electricity. Monocrystalline solar cells — Websol’s specialisation — are grown from a single, continuous crystal lattice using the Czochralski process. This gives them:

  1. Higher purity — fewer grain boundaries mean fewer sites where electrons recombine and are lost
  2. Higher efficiency — typically 21–23.5% for modern M10 Mono PERC cells
  3. Better temperature performance — lower power degradation at high temperatures, crucial for Indian climates
  4. Longer operational life — superior cell-level consistency translates to predictable module-level output over 25+ years

At Websol, every batch of incoming monocrystalline wafers undergoes rigorous incoming quality inspection — measuring resistivity, thickness, total thickness variation, and minority carrier lifetime — before a single cell is processed. This upstream quality discipline is what separates a world-class photovoltaic cells manufacturer from commodity producers.

Websol’s Advanced Solar Technology: The M10 Bifacial Mono PERC Cell

The flagship product in Websol’s photovoltaic cell portfolio is the M10 Bifacial Mono-PERC Solar Cell — engineered to the 182 mm × 182 mm wafer standard that has emerged as the industry’s preferred format for high-wattage module manufacturing.

Key specifications and features of Websol’s M10 cell include:

  • Conversion efficiency: Up to 23%+
  • Bifacial design: Captures reflected and diffuse light from the rear side, delivering 5–30% additional energy yield depending on ground albedo and installation conditions
  • PERC architecture: Rear passivation layer reduces surface recombination, boosting Voc and FF
  • M10 wafer format: Enables module power classes of 525 Wp to 660 Wp, reducing balance-of-system (BoS) costs per watt
  • DCR compliance: Fully compliant with India’s Domestic Content Requirement regulations for government scheme projects

The combination of M10 size, bifacial design, and PERC architecture makes these cells ideal for utility-scale solar plants, commercial rooftops, and industrial solar applications across India’s diverse geographic and climatic conditions.

India Solar Manufacturing: The Strategic Context

India’s push to become a major solar manufacturing hub is backed by significant policy support. The Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme for solar PV modules, the Domestic Content Requirement (DCR) framework mandating Indian-made cells and modules for government projects, and the Approved List of Models and Manufacturers (ALMM) have collectively transformed the investment landscape for domestic solar manufacturers.

For project developers, installers, and EPCs, procuring from a verified domestic photovoltaic cells manufacturer like Websol is not merely a compliance necessity — it is a strategic advantage:

  • Supply chain security: No exposure to import duties, currency fluctuation, or port logistics delays
  • ALMM compliance: Websol’s cells and modules appear on MNRE’s approved list, enabling smooth project approvals
  • DCR eligibility: Critical for PM-KUSUM, PM Surya Ghar, and other government tenders
  • Technical support: Local manufacturer presence means faster resolution of technical queries and warranty claims

India’s domestic module manufacturing capacity listed under ALMM crossed 144 GW by late 2025 — a 99% year-on-year increase — signalling a historic shift toward self-reliance in solar technology.

Quality Certifications: What Sets a World-Class Solar Cell Manufacturer Apart

Websol Energy System’s photovoltaic cells and modules carry certifications from the world’s leading testing and certification bodies:

  • ISO 9001:2015 — Quality Management Systems
  • ISO 14001:2015 — Environmental Management Systems
  • ISO 45001:2018 — Occupational Health & Safety
  • IEC 61215 — Crystalline silicon terrestrial PV modules
  • IEC 61730 — PV module safety qualification
  • UL 1703 — Standard for flat-plate PV modules
  • TÜV Rheinland (Germany) — Performance and safety
  • BIS certification under IS 14286

These certifications are more than badges — they represent the manufacturing process controls, materials traceability, and testing protocols that guarantee consistent photovoltaic cell quality across every production batch.

Websol’s Manufacturing Infrastructure at Falta SEZ

The Falta SEZ facility is Websol’s technological heart. The manufacturing infrastructure includes:

  • Fully automated Mono PERC cell line (600 MW + 600 MW = 1.2 GW)
  • Solar module manufacturing line (550 MW)
  • In-line quality control systems at every production stage
  • Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) for responsible chemical waste management
  • Advanced solar-powered utilities to reduce the facility’s own carbon footprint

The automation level at Falta ensures batch-to-batch consistency — a critical quality parameter for large solar projects where module-level mismatch can meaningfully reduce system output.

Why Websol for Your Solar Project?

Choosing the right photovoltaic cells manufacturer impacts every downstream metric: module power output, energy yield, degradation rate, warranty reliability, and project bankability. Websol’s value proposition rests on four pillars:

  1. Technology Leadership Advanced M10 Mono PERC bifacial cells with >23% efficiency, with TOPCon upgrade roadmap already approved.
  2. Manufacturing Scale and Reliability 1.2 GW cell capacity (expanding to 5.2 GW by 2028), operating at 90%+ utilisation — meaning consistent supply without lead time uncertainty.
  3. Compliance and Certification Full ALMM listing, DCR compliance, IEC/UL certifications — removing procurement risk for government and private projects alike.

4. Legacy and Trust Three decades of Indian solar manufacturing, with a track record of delivering to domestic and international customers across utility, C&I, and residential segments.

Conclusion

India’s solar revolution runs on photovoltaic cells — and the quality, efficiency, and reliability of those cells determine the long-term value of every solar installation. As one of India’s most experienced and technically advanced photovoltaic cells manufacturers, Websol Energy System brings three decades of manufacturing expertise, globally certified quality, and a continuous technology upgrade roadmap to every cell it produces.

Whether you are a project developer building utility-scale solar, an EPC contractor sourcing DCR-compliant modules, or an industrial buyer seeking reliable high-efficiency solar technology, Websol’s made-in-India photovoltaic cells are engineered to deliver.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q1. What is the difference between a photovoltaic cell and a solar panel?

A photovoltaic cell is the individual semiconductor unit that generates electricity from sunlight. A solar panel (or module) consists of multiple PV cells electrically connected and laminated together in a weatherproof assembly. Websol manufactures both the cells and the finished modules.

Monocrystalline cells offer higher efficiency (21–23%+ vs 17–18% for poly), better temperature coefficient performance, and longer operational reliability — making them the preferred choice for space-constrained installations and high-performance projects.

Websol’s M10 Bifacial Mono PERC cells enable module power classes of 525 Wp to 660 Wp, making them ideal for high-wattage module manufacturing.

Yes. Websol manufactures cells at its Falta, West Bengal facility in India, making them fully eligible for DCR-compliant government projects including PM-KUSUM and PM Surya Ghar.

Websol’s M10 Bifacial Mono PERC solar cells achieve conversion efficiencies of over 23%, with ongoing technology roadmap targeting TOPCon-based cells exceeding 24%.

Through fully automated production lines, in-line electroluminescence testing, automated optical inspection, and rigorous incoming material quality control — all aligned with ISO 9001:2015 and IEC standards.

Currently 1.2 GW of solar cell manufacturing capacity and 550 MW of module capacity, with expansion plans approved to reach 5.2 GW cells and 4.5 GW modules by 2028.

Rooftop Solar System Design for PM Surya Ghar Installers: A Technical Guide to Panel Selection and System Sizing

Websol Branding on April 28, 2026

Rooftop Solar System Design for PM Surya Ghar Installers: A Technical Guide to Panel Selection and System Sizing

Designing a rooftop solar system that maximises energy yield, meets PM Surya Ghar subsidy eligibility criteria, satisfies DISCOM net-metering requirements, and delivers excellent customer experience is a multi-dimensional challenge. For solar installers operating at volume in the government scheme space, having a standardised, technically sound system design protocol is the difference between profitable, repeat-business operations and costly rework, warranty claims, and subsidy rejections.

This technical guide covers every step of rooftop solar system design for PM Surya Ghar installers — from roof assessment and load analysis to panel selection, system sizing, and documentation.

Step 1: Site Assessment and Roof Evaluation

Structural Capacity

Before any system design begins, the roof structure must be assessed for load-bearing capacity. Standard M10 Mono-PERC bifacial modules weigh approximately 22–25 kg per module. A 3 kW system using 540 Wp modules requires 6 modules — approximately 140–150 kg of panel dead load, plus mounting structure. In older residential buildings, a structural assessment may be necessary before installation can proceed.

Shading Analysis

Shade is the single largest yield killer in residential rooftop solar. A shadow covering even 5% of a panel’s area can reduce its output by 30–50% due to current mismatch in series-connected cells. Installers must conduct a shading analysis using a solar pathfinder or digital tools, accounting for shadows from water tanks, parapets, AC units, antennas, and neighbouring buildings at the winter solstice sun angle — when shadows are longest.

Selecting M10 half-cut Mono-PERC modules significantly mitigates shading losses because each module operates as two independent half-strings. A shadow on one half does not proportionally affect the other half’s output — a critical advantage for urban rooftops with partial shading.

Step 2: Load Analysis and System Sizing

Determining Eligible Capacity Under PM Surya Ghar

Under PM Surya Ghar, the maximum subsidised capacity is linked to sanctioned load. The MNRE guidelines recommend system capacity sizing at 1 kW per 150 units (kWh) of monthly consumption, subject to DISCOM approval and available roof space. The maximum subsidised capacity is 3 kW for individual households, though larger systems can be installed with the incremental cost borne by the beneficiary.

Beneficiaries and installers can calculate eligible capacity and subsidy through the official PM Surya Ghar national portal at pmsuryaghar.gov.in.

Panel Count and Array Configuration

System sizing formula: System kW capacity ÷ Module Wp rating = Number of modules. For a 3 kW system using Websol’s 540 Wp M10 Mono-PERC bifacial modules: 3000 ÷ 540 = 5.56 → 6 modules (3,240 Wp installed). The slight over-sizing (3.24 kW vs 3 kW) is standard practice — it compensates for system losses including DC cable resistance, inverter efficiency, and soiling.

Step 3: Inverter Selection and String Configuration

The inverter must be appropriately sized to the array. A general rule: inverter AC output capacity should be 80–100% of array DC capacity. For a 3.24 kW array, a 3 kW or 3.3 kW grid-tie inverter is appropriate. For PM Surya Ghar installations, only grid-tie inverters with anti-islanding protection are permissible — essential for the safety of DISCOM line workers during grid outages.

String configuration must ensure that module Voc (open-circuit voltage) × number of modules in series does not exceed inverter maximum DC input voltage. For standard 540 Wp M10 modules with Voc ≈ 49 V, a 2-string configuration of 3 modules each is typical for 3 kW systems with string inverters.

Step 4: Selecting the Right Solar Module for PM Surya Ghar

Panel selection for PM Surya Ghar must balance four criteria: ALMM compliance, efficiency for available roof area, bifacial suitability for the specific installation type, and supplier reliability.

For a comparison of cell technology options relevant to residential rooftop design, review our guide on MonoPERC vs N-Type vs M10 cell technology selection.

Websol Energy System manufactures M10 Bifacial Mono-PERC cells optimised for Indian rooftop conditions. As a leading solar module manufacturer in India, Websol’s modules offer consistent efficiency, ALMM-eligible manufacturing, and comprehensive product documentation for government scheme installations.

Step 5: Net-Metering Application and DISCOM Coordination

All PM Surya Ghar installations must be connected to the grid through a net-metering arrangement. Installers are responsible for filing the net-metering application with the local DISCOM, along with system drawings, inverter specifications, and module datasheets. Processing times vary by state and DISCOM — plan for 4–12 weeks between installation completion and meter commissioning.

Document checklist for DISCOM and subsidy submission typically includes: module datasheets and ALMM certificate, inverter datasheet and CEC certification, single-line diagram, earthing and lightning protection documentation, installation photographs from multiple angles, and the signed net-metering agreement.

Step 6: Commissioning and Yield Verification

Post-installation, every PM Surya Ghar system should be commissioned with a system performance check: verify string voltages and currents with a DC clamp meter, confirm inverter is grid-connected and exporting, check monitoring portal for real-time generation data, and document the commissioning reading for subsidy claim purposes.

As a best practice, provide every customer with a projected monthly generation chart based on the site’s GPS coordinates and system size — this sets clear expectations and is a powerful tool for generating referrals.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q1: How many solar panels are needed for a 3 kW PM Surya Ghar installation?

Using 540 Wp M10 Mono-PERC modules: 3000 ÷ 540 = 5.56 panels → 6 panels for a 3.24 kW system. Using 400 Wp older generation modules: 3000 ÷ 400 = 7.5 panels → 8 panels. M10 modules allow fewer panels for the same capacity, reducing mounting structure complexity and cost.

A 3 kW system using 6 standard M10 540 Wp modules (each approximately 2.2 m²) requires approximately 14–16 m² of usable shadow-free roof area, accounting for spacing between rows and access clearances.

Bifacial modules can provide 5–10% additional yield from reflected light on light-coloured rooftops. They are recommended for installations with elevated mounting (50+ cm above roof surface) on white or light-grey roof surfaces. For flush-mounted dark roof installations, monofacial Mono-PERC performs comparably.

Only grid-tie (grid-connected) inverters with anti-islanding protection and MNRE/BIS approval are permitted for PM Surya Ghar installations. Off-grid and hybrid inverters are not eligible for the scheme’s subsidy disbursement process.

No. Subsidy disbursement under PM Surya Ghar requires confirmation of grid connectivity and net-meter commissioning by the DISCOM. Installers should track DISCOM application status through the scheme portal at pmsuryaghar.gov.in and follow up proactively with the local DISCOM for timely meter installation.

India’s Solar Manufacturing Renaissance: What PM Surya Ghar and PM Kusum Mean for Domestic Cell and Module Producers

Websol Branding on April 24, 2026

India's Solar Manufacturing Renaissance: What PM Surya Ghar and PM Kusum Mean for Domestic Cell and Module Producers

India is experiencing a solar manufacturing renaissance. The combination of policy support — through the PLI scheme, ALMM framework, Basic Customs Duty (BCD) on imported modules, and the Domestic Content Requirement — alongside a demand surge from flagship schemes like PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana and PM Kusum Yojana has created conditions for India’s solar cell and module manufacturing sector to scale at unprecedented speed.

For solar distributors and installers, this is not just background industry news. The expansion of domestic manufacturing directly affects supply availability, pricing, quality standards, and the long-term reliability of the modules they install. Understanding this transformation is essential for strategic sourcing and business planning.

The Policy Architecture Driving Manufacturing Growth

Basic Customs Duty (BCD) on Imported Modules

Since April 2022, India has imposed a 40% Basic Customs Duty on imported solar modules and 25% on imported solar cells. This tariff barrier has made imported Chinese modules uncompetitive for most Indian applications — particularly government-funded schemes — and created strong demand pull for domestically manufactured modules.

The PLI Scheme for Solar PV Manufacturing

The Production Linked Incentive scheme for high-efficiency solar PV modules provides manufacturers with financial incentives tied to production volume and efficiency thresholds. PLI has catalysed over ₹90,000 crore in committed investments in solar manufacturing — spanning polysilicon, ingots, wafers, cells, and modules — with the aim of creating a fully integrated domestic solar supply chain.

ALMM and DCR as Demand Guarantees

The ALMM framework ensures that government-funded installations use only certified domestic modules. Combined with DCR requirements in tenders under PM Kusum and certain PM Surya Ghar provisions, these policies create a guaranteed demand floor for ALMM-listed Indian manufacturers — giving manufacturers the demand certainty needed to invest in capacity expansion and quality upgrades.

Capacity Expansion: The Numbers

India’s solar module manufacturing capacity has grown from approximately 15 GW in 2021 to an estimated 60+ GW by end-2025, with cell manufacturing capacity also expanding rapidly. For context on where this trajectory is headed, read our analysis of the future of solar manufacturing in India, covering technology, policy, and growth trends.

Technology Upgradation Driven by Scheme Requirements

PM Surya Ghar’s efficiency requirements and PM Kusum’s performance demands are pushing domestic manufacturers to upgrade from older PERC technologies to higher-efficiency configurations. The shift from M6 to M10 wafer formats, the adoption of half-cut cell architectures, and the introduction of bifacial modules have all been accelerated by the quality bar set by government scheme specifications.

This technology evolution is covered in detail in our guide on why India’s solar module manufacturing sector is gaining global attention.

What This Means for Distributors and Installers

The expansion of India’s domestic solar manufacturing base has several direct implications for the supply chain:

Better availability: Growing domestic capacity reduces supply shortages and lead time delays that plagued the market in 2021–2023 when import disruptions exposed the risks of over-reliance on Chinese modules.

More competitive pricing: As domestic manufacturers scale production, per-unit manufacturing costs fall — improving module pricing for distributors without sacrificing margin.

Higher quality at accessible prices: PLI incentives tied to efficiency thresholds push manufacturers to produce higher-grade cells and modules, benefiting the entire supply chain.

Easier compliance: Sourcing from domestic ALMM-listed manufacturers simplifies the compliance documentation process for both PM Surya Ghar and PM Kusum installations.

Websol Energy System’s Place in This Transformation

Established in 1994, Websol Energy System is among the oldest and most experienced solar cell manufacturers in India. Operating its manufacturing facility in Falta, West Bengal, Websol has been part of India’s solar manufacturing story since its very beginning. Today, Websol manufactures M10 Bifacial Mono-PERC solar cells as a certified solar cell manufacturer in India and produces finished modules as a solar module manufacturer in India — serving the domestic government scheme supply chain and export markets with consistent quality.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q1: What is the current solar module manufacturing capacity of India?

As of 2026, India’s solar module manufacturing capacity exceeds 60 GW per annum — a dramatic increase from approximately 15 GW in 2021. Cell manufacturing capacity is also growing rapidly, driven by PLI scheme investments.

The PLI scheme incentivises domestic manufacturers to produce higher efficiency modules at scale, improving both module quality and supply availability. For distributors and installers, this translates into more ALMM-listed module options, better pricing over time, and reduced supply chain risk.

The 40% Basic Customs Duty on imported solar modules ensures that domestic manufacturers can compete on price, supporting the survival and growth of India’s solar manufacturing ecosystem. For PM Kusum and PM Surya Ghar installers with DCR requirements, BCD also reinforces the necessity of sourcing domestically.

Yes, broadly. As domestic manufacturers achieve higher production volumes, per-unit manufacturing costs decrease — historical trends from China’s manufacturing scale-up confirm this pattern. Indian module prices are expected to continue declining progressively as capacity expands.

Growing domestic manufacturing capacity ensures supply availability for the massive volume of installations targeted under PM Surya Ghar — 1 crore households. It also reduces dependence on imports that could be disrupted by geopolitical factors, pricing volatility, or supply chain disruptions.

TOPCon vs Mono-PERC vs HJT: Which Solar Cell Technology Should Indian Installers Choose in 2026?

Websol Branding on April 16, 2026

TOPCon vs Mono-PERC vs HJT: Which Solar Cell Technology Should Indian Installers Choose in 2026?

The solar cell technology landscape has never been more dynamic. In 2026, Indian solar installers and distributors are navigating a market where three distinct next-generation technologies — TOPCon, Mono-PERC, and HJT — coexist on supplier product sheets, each with distinct performance profiles, cost points, and suitability for different applications. Making the wrong technology choice for a PM Surya Ghar residential project or a PM Kusum agricultural installation can mean lower energy yields, customer complaints, and tighter margins.

This guide cuts through the marketing noise and gives you a clear, practical technology selection framework.

Technology Overview

Mono-PERC (Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell)

Mono-PERC is the current mainstream commercial technology. A passivation layer on the cell’s rear surface reduces electron recombination, boosting efficiency to 20.5%–22% in M10 bifacial configurations. It represents the best value-for-efficiency balance in the Indian market in 2026, with a mature manufacturing ecosystem, strong ALMM representation, and well-understood long-term degradation behaviour.

TOPCon (Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact)

TOPCon is an N-type silicon cell technology that adds a thin tunnel oxide layer and a doped poly-silicon layer to the rear of the cell, dramatically reducing recombination losses. Module efficiencies of 22%–24% are achievable. TOPCon cells have lower temperature coefficients (around -0.28%/°C vs -0.35%/°C for PERC) and lower LID/LeTID degradation, making them particularly suited for high-temperature Indian environments.

HJT (Heterojunction Technology)

HJT cells combine crystalline silicon with thin amorphous silicon layers, producing efficiencies of up to 24%–25%. HJT has an exceptional temperature coefficient (around -0.25%/°C) and outstanding low-light performance — useful for cloudy or haze-prone regions. However, HJT manufacturing requires specialised equipment (PECVD systems) and is significantly more capital-intensive, reflecting in higher module pricing.

Head-to-Head Performance Comparison

Efficiency: HJT > TOPCon > Mono-PERC. HJT reaches 24%+, TOPCon reaches 22–24%, Mono-PERC reaches 20.5–22%.

Temperature Coefficient: HJT (-0.25%/°C) > TOPCon (-0.28%/°C) > Mono-PERC (-0.35%/°C). All three perform well, but HJT and TOPCon have an edge in India’s hot summers.

Degradation Rate: Mono-PERC: ~0.45–0.5%/year. TOPCon: ~0.35–0.4%/year. HJT: ~0.25–0.3%/year. Over a 25-year project life, this matters significantly for energy yield forecasting.

Cost (Module Price): Mono-PERC remains most affordable at scale. TOPCon commands a 5–15% premium. HJT carries a 25–40% premium over PERC, limiting its addressable market in price-sensitive Indian government tenders.

ALMM Availability: Mono-PERC has the widest ALMM listing coverage in India. TOPCon listings are growing. HJT ALMM listings are currently limited.

Application-Specific Recommendations

PM Surya Ghar Residential Rooftops (1–3 kW)

Mono-PERC M10 bifacial is the optimal choice — highest ALMM availability, proven residential performance, lowest cost, and compact footprint suitable for small rooftop areas. TOPCon is an alternative for customers seeking premium performance and are willing to pay slightly more.

PM Kusum Component A Ground-Mounted Plants (500 kW–2 MW)

TOPCon modules offer the best balance of high efficiency, lower degradation, and manageable price premium for large ground-mounted installations where land area optimisation and long-term energy yield are critical to project IRR. Bifacial TOPCon modules are particularly effective in open agricultural field settings.

PM Kusum Component B Agricultural Pumps (Standalone)

Mono-PERC M10 remains the practical choice for standalone agricultural pump systems, given cost sensitivity and the non-critical nature of 1–2% efficiency differences in pump applications sized with adequate margin.

What India’s Manufacturing Landscape Offers

India’s domestic solar cell manufacturing is primarily centred on Mono-PERC technology, with TOPCon capacity ramping up rapidly. For an understanding of where Indian solar cell manufacturing is headed, our analysis of the future of solar manufacturing in India covers the technology transition timeline in detail.

Websol Energy System currently manufactures M10 Bifacial Mono-PERC solar cells — the technology that strikes the optimal balance for current Indian government scheme requirements. As a leading solar module manufacturer in India, Websol provides verified, ALMM-eligible modules for PM Surya Ghar and PM Kusum supply chains.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q1: Is TOPCon better than Mono-PERC for Indian solar installations?

TOPCon offers higher efficiency (22–24% vs 20.5–22%) and lower degradation, but at a 5–15% price premium. For PM Surya Ghar residential installations where cost is primary, Mono-PERC remains optimal. For large PM Kusum ground plants where long-term yield matters more, TOPCon is increasingly competitive.

The temperature coefficient of power (Pmax) measures how much panel efficiency drops per degree Celsius above 25°C. HJT (-0.25%/°C) and TOPCon (-0.28%/°C) outperform Mono-PERC (-0.35%/°C) in hot Indian summers, generating more power when temperatures are highest.

HJT modules are technically eligible if ALMM listed, but their significantly higher cost makes them uneconomical for typical PM Surya Ghar residential projects where subsidy-to-system-cost ratios are optimised using Mono-PERC or TOPCon modules.

HJT has the lowest annual degradation rate at approximately 0.25–0.3%/year, followed by TOPCon at 0.35–0.4%/year and Mono-PERC at 0.45–0.5%/year. Lower degradation directly translates to higher cumulative energy yield over the panel’s 25-year life.

Yes, provided the modules are ALMM listed, BIS certified, and meet DCR requirements (domestically manufactured cells and modules). TOPCon’s higher efficiency is particularly advantageous for Component A ground-mounted plants where land area efficiency affects project sizing and bid competitiveness.

M10 Bifacial Mono-PERC Solar Cells: Why This Technology Dominates India’s Solar Module Market in 2026

Websol Branding on April 10, 2026

M10 Bifacial Mono-PERC Solar Cells: Why This Technology Dominates India's Solar Module Market in 2026

If you are a solar panel distributor, installer, or procurement manager sourcing modules for Indian government schemes like PM Surya Ghar or PM Kusum, there is one solar cell format that keeps appearing at the top of every supplier’s product sheet: M10 Bifacial Mono-PERC. Understanding why this technology has become the industry standard in India — and why it outperforms alternatives in real-world conditions — is essential knowledge for every solar supply chain professional in 2026.

What Is an M10 Solar Cell?

The M10 designation refers to a specific wafer size standard in the solar industry — 182 mm × 182 mm. This wafer size represents a significant step up from the older M6 (166 mm) and G1 (158.75 mm) formats. When paired with Mono-PERC (Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell) technology and a bifacial design — which allows the cell to absorb light from both front and rear surfaces — you get a product that offers some of the most compelling efficiency and output numbers available in crystalline silicon technology today.

For a comprehensive deep-dive into M10 cell efficiency data, output benchmarks, and manufacturing benefits, visit our dedicated page on M10 solar cells — efficiency, output, and manufacturing advantages.

The Technical Advantages of M10 Bifacial Mono-PERC

1. Higher Power Output per Module

Larger wafer area means more photons can be captured per cell. An M10 Mono-PERC module typically delivers 530 Wp to 560 Wp in a standard 60-cell (half-cut, 120-cell) configuration — compared to 375–400 Wp from older M6 cells. This means fewer modules are needed for the same system capacity, reducing balance-of-system (BOS) costs including mounting structures, cables, and labour.

2. Bifacial Gain in Indian Conditions

The bifacial design enables the rear of the panel to absorb reflected albedo light from the ground surface. In Indian rooftop conditions with light-coloured surfaces or elevated mounting, bifacial gains typically range from 5% to 15%. In ground-mounted agricultural installations typical of PM Kusum Component A projects — especially in open, bright fields — rear-side gains can approach 20%, significantly improving energy yield.

3. Half-Cut Cell Architecture

Most M10 modules use half-cut cell technology, which divides each cell into two halves. This reduces resistive losses and improves performance in partial shading conditions — extremely relevant for residential rooftops where shadows from water tanks, antennas, or adjacent structures are common. Half-cut cells also run cooler, extending module lifespan.

4. Excellent Temperature Coefficient

M10 Mono-PERC cells typically exhibit a temperature coefficient of power (Pmax) around -0.35%/°C. Given that module surface temperatures in India can easily reach 60–70°C in summer, a tight temperature coefficient translates directly to preserved energy output during the hottest parts of the day — when electricity demand (and its value) peaks.

Manufacturing Advantages That Benefit Distributors

M10 cells are not only technologically superior — they are also easier to manufacture at high volume and consistent quality due to the maturity of the M10 production ecosystem. Leading solar cell manufacturers in India have invested heavily in M10-compatible production lines, meaning supply reliability is strong.

Websol Energy System, operating as a certified solar cell manufacturer in India, manufactures M10 Bifacial Mono-PERC solar cells at its facility in Falta, West Bengal — equipped with advanced automation and stringent quality control for consistent cell efficiency across production batches.

How M10 Cells Perform Across India’s Solar Applications

PM Surya Ghar Residential Rooftops

For 1 kW–3 kW residential rooftop systems, M10 modules allow system integrators to deliver higher capacity within limited roof space. A typical 3 kW system using M10 540 Wp modules requires only 6 panels — versus 8 panels with older 375 Wp modules — reducing structural load and installation complexity.

PM Kusum Agricultural Installations

In ground-mounted Component A and C installations, M10 bifacial modules deliver measurably better energy yield per square metre of land use. Higher bifacial gain in open agricultural fields further improves project economics, making M10 bifacial the preferred choice for competitive bid pricing.

M10 vs Other Cell Technologies: A Quick Comparison

M10 Mono-PERC Bifacial vs TOPCon: TOPCon offers slightly higher efficiency (22%–24%) but at significantly higher manufacturing cost. For most PM Surya Ghar and PM Kusum applications, M10 Mono-PERC hits the optimal efficiency-cost sweet spot.

M10 Mono-PERC Bifacial vs HJT: HJT (Heterojunction Technology) offers excellent low-light performance but involves higher capital cost and more complex manufacturing. M10 Mono-PERC remains more commercially accessible for Indian government scheme volumes.

For a detailed technology comparison, read our guide on MonoPERC vs N-Type vs M10 solar cell technology selection.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q1: What does M10 mean in solar cells?

M10 refers to the wafer size standard of 182 mm × 182 mm used in solar cell manufacturing. It represents a newer, larger wafer format that enables higher power output per module compared to older M2, M6, and G1 wafer sizes.

M10 Mono-PERC bifacial solar cells typically achieve module efficiencies between 20.5% and 22%, with front-side cell efficiencies commonly in the 21–22.5% range in leading Indian manufacturing facilities.

Yes. M10 bifacial Mono-PERC modules are well-suited for PM Surya Ghar installations, offering higher power output in less roof space, good temperature performance, and compliance with MNRE efficiency standards.

In typical Indian rooftop and open-ground conditions, bifacial gain ranges from 5% to 20% depending on mounting height, tilt angle, and ground surface reflectivity (albedo). Light-coloured or reflective surfaces maximize rear-side energy capture.

Depending on configuration and number of cells, M10 Mono-PERC bifacial modules typically output 525 Wp to 575 Wp per module — significantly higher than older generation 144-cell modules using G1 or M6 wafers.

PM Kusum Yojana for Solar Installers: Component Standards, Sourcing Strategy, and Technical Compliance

Websol Branding on April 7, 2026

PM Kusum Yojana for Solar Installers: Component Standards, Sourcing Strategy, and Technical Compliance

 

 

Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan — better known as PM Kusum Yojana — is among the most ambitious agricultural solar schemes in the world. With a combined target of 30.8 GW of solar capacity across its three components and a budget outlay that crosses ₹34,000 crore, this scheme represents a transformative opportunity for solar installers, distributors, and panel suppliers across India.

But capitalising on PM Kusum’s potential requires more than sales — it demands technical knowledge of the scheme’s component structures, power output requirements, panel specifications, and compliance frameworks. This guide provides a practical reference for every stakeholder operating in the PM Kusum solar supply chain.

PM Kusum Yojana: The Three-Component Structure

Component A: Decentralised Ground-Mounted Solar Plants

Component A enables farmers and rural landowners to set up small-scale solar power plants of 500 kW to 2 MW capacity on barren or uncultivable land. The generated power is sold to DISCOMs at a fixed tariff. For solar suppliers in this segment, the focus is on utility-grade, high-efficiency bifacial modules capable of sustained output over 25 years.

Component B: Standalone Solar Powered Agricultural Pumps

Component B replaces diesel-run water pumps with solar-powered pumps of up to 7.5 HP capacity. These are off-grid systems, requiring panels with consistent performance across varying irradiance levels. With over 17.5 lakh pumps targeted, this component alone is a massive market for panel distributors focused on rural and semi-urban geographies.

Component C: Grid-Connected Solar Powered Agriculture Pumps

Component C upgrades existing grid-connected agricultural pumps with solar energy, allowing farmers to consume solar power for irrigation and sell surplus power to the grid. Panels for this segment must be compatible with grid-tie systems and must comply with net-metering regulations set by state electricity regulatory commissions.

Technical Specifications Solar Panels Must Meet Under PM Kusum

Across all three components, MNRE’s technical specifications for solar panels under PM Kusum are stringent. Below are the key benchmarks installers and distributors must verify before procurement.

Module Type and Cell Technology

PM Kusum-approved installations predominantly use crystalline silicon modules — either Mono PERC or poly crystalline. However, given the efficiency advantages, Mono-PERC and M10 bifacial cells are increasingly preferred, especially for Component A solar plants where land-use efficiency is critical.

For a detailed comparison of cell technologies suitable for utility and agricultural solar applications, see our guide on understanding solar cell technologies including TOPCon, bifacial, half-cut, HJT, and Mono PERC.

Power Output and Efficiency

For Component A grid-scale applications, modules with a minimum power output of 375 Wp and efficiency exceeding 20% are standard. For Component B and C pump applications, panel specifications are matched to pump load requirements — typically 1 kW per HP of pump capacity, with a safety margin of 20% additional capacity factored in.

ALMM and BIS Certification

As with PM Surya Ghar, PM Kusum mandates the use of ALMM-listed modules. BIS certification under IS 14286 for crystalline silicon modules is mandatory. Any module failing to meet this standard is ineligible regardless of its price or efficiency claims.

Domestic Content Requirement (DCR) and Its Implications

A critical compliance requirement under PM Kusum’s Component A and B is the Domestic Content Requirement. Under DCR, both solar cells and modules must be manufactured in India. This has significant implications for the supply chain — distributors and installers cannot procure imported Chinese modules and remain compliant.

This is where partnering with a certified solar cell manufacturer in India becomes strategically essential. At Websol Energy System, we manufacture M10 Bifacial Mono-PERC solar cells at our plant in Falta, West Bengal — fully compliant with India’s DCR requirements.

Supply Chain Strategy for PM Kusum Installers

Winning PM Kusum tenders and delivering projects on time requires a robust, compliant supply chain. Here are the strategic priorities for solar distributors and installers:

  1. Lock in manufacturer partnerships early: Government tendering timelines are unpredictable. Securing supply agreements with ALMM-listed, DCR-compliant manufacturers before bid submission prevents last-minute compliance failures.
  2. Maintain documentation in advance: Keep updated copies of the manufacturer’s ALMM certificate, BIS certification, IEC test reports, and product datasheets ready for submission at bid and post-award stages.
  3. Prioritise bifacial modules for Component A: In large ground-mounted projects, bifacial modules can increase yield by 10–15% depending on ground albedo — improving project IRR and making bids more competitive on per-unit generation costs.

Why Indian Solar Manufacturing Matters for PM Kusum Success

India’s solar manufacturing eco system has matured significantly, and working with established domestic manufacturers like Websol — among the earliest solar cell manufacturers in India since 1994 — gives installers access to consistent quality, reliable documentation, and local after-sales support. Explore the complete landscape of solar cell manufacturers in India at our guide to solar cell manufacturers in India.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q1: Is it mandatory to use Indian-made solar panels under PM Kusum?

Yes. Under the Domestic Content Requirement (DCR) applicable to PM Kusum Components A and B, both solar cells and modules must be manufactured in India. Imported modules are not eligible. 

MNRE generally mandates a minimum module efficiency of 18.5% to 20% for PM Kusum ground-mounted plants. Using M10 Mono-PERC bifacial modules with efficiencies above 21% provides a compliance buffer and better project economics.

The standard sizing formula is 1 kW of solar panel capacity per HP of pump capacity, plus a 20% safety margin. A 5 HP pump, for example, requires approximately 6–6.5 kW of solar panels.

Manufacturers must hold BIS certification under IS 14286, IEC 61215 and IEC 61730 certifications, and must appear on MNRE’s ALMM list. DCR-compliance documentation is additionally required.

Yes. Bifacial modules are increasingly used in Component C grid-connected agricultural pump installations as they offer higher yield per installed capacity — improving system ROI for farmers.

Why India’s Solar Module Manufacturing Sector Is Gaining Global Attention

Websol Branding on March 28, 2026

Why India's Solar Module Manufacturing Sector Is Gaining Global Attention

The geography of global solar module manufacturing has been remarkably stable for the better part of two decades. China built dominant scale in wafer, cell, and module production through coordinated industrial policy, cheap capital, and a domestic market large enough to justify continuous capacity expansion. The result was a supply chain structure that gave Chinese manufacturers structural cost advantages that were, for most of that period, insurmountable by manufacturers elsewhere.

That picture is changing. A combination of geopolitical risk reassessment, domestic policy support, and genuine manufacturing capability development has positioned India as the most credible alternative PV manufacturing geography outside of China. This is attracting attention from global buyers, project developers, and institutional investors who had previously not engaged seriously with Indian module supply.

Policy Architecture: The Foundation for Manufacturing Scale

India’s solar manufacturing growth is not organic — it has been deliberately engineered through complementary policy instruments. The Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme for high-efficiency solar modules, with its initial outlay of approximately ₹4,500 crore and subsequent expansion, has incentivized manufacturers to invest in new cell and module capacity with a focus on high-efficiency technologies.

Simultaneously, the Basic Customs Duty (BCD) of 25% on solar modules and 40% on solar cells (effective April 2022) created a structural cost differential that made domestically produced modules more competitive within the Indian market. The ALMM (Approved List of Models and Manufacturers) requirement for government-tendered projects created a captive demand channel for domestic manufacturers.

These instruments work together: BCD creates domestic demand, PLI funds capacity and quality upgrades, and ALMM ensures that new capacity finds buyers. For manufacturers, the combination has underwritten investment decisions that would have been difficult to justify on market economics alone.

Manufacturing Capability: Beyond Assembly

A significant portion of India’s historical solar ‘manufacturing’ was more accurately described as module assembly — importing Chinese cells and laminating them into modules with Indian frames and junction boxes. This has changed materially. Investment in upstream cell manufacturing capacity means that Indian PV module manufacturers are increasingly offering genuine domestic content, with cells produced on Indian soil.

Manufacturers like Websol Energy System represent the upstream end of this shift — producing solar cells domestically that feed Indian module production lines. This vertical integration, even if not yet complete across the full supply chain (wafer and polysilicon production in India remain limited), substantially increases the domestic value addition in Indian-made modules.

For buyers concerned about supply chain provenance — whether for sustainability reporting, financing requirements, or geopolitical risk management — the ability to trace a module’s cells to an Indian manufacturer matters. It is a diff;erent proposition from a module assembled in India on imported Chinese cells.

Technology Trajectory: Closing the Efficiency Gap

One of the historical criticisms of Indian solar manufacturing was an efficiency gap relative to Chinese producers. This gap has narrowed meaningfully. Indian MonoPERC cell producers are now achieving commercial efficiencies consistent with global peers, and several manufacturers have announced or commenced TOPCon production lines. The efficiency gap that once justified premium pricing for imported cells has shrunk to a range where landed cost, domestic content requirements, and supply chain reliability arguments can tip procurement decisions toward Indian suppliers.

R&D Investment and Technology Partnerships

Several Indian manufacturers have entered technology partnerships with Taiwanese, European, and South Korean equipment and process technology suppliers to accelerate their capability development. These partnerships transfer not just equipment but process knowledge — a critical ingredient in achieving consistent high-efficiency production rather than peak efficiency in controlled conditions.

International Market Access: The Export Dimension

India’s solar module manufacturing ambitions extend beyond the domestic market. With the US Inflation Reduction Act and European supply chain due diligence regulations creating demand for non-Chinese solar supply, Indian manufacturers are positioned as credible alternative suppliers for the first time.

The US market, in particular, has shown appetite for Indian modules. The combination of the IRA’s domestic content and energy community bonus credits, and the ongoing investigation into Southeast Asian transshipment of Chinese cells, has opened a window for Indian producers. Several large Indian manufacturers have announced or are pursuing export commitments to US and European markets, a development that would have been commercially marginal as recently as 2021.

Challenges That Remain

Acknowledging the genuine growth in Indian solar module manufacturing requires equal clarity about the challenges that persist. Polysilicon and silicon wafer production in India is nascent — the upstream supply chain remains significantly import-dependent. Silver paste, a high-value cell production input, is predominantly imported. Logistics costs and infrastructure gaps in some manufacturing clusters add to production cost structures that are not yet at Chinese cost parity.

Quality consistency across the industry also varies. The Indian solar cell manufacturing sector includes manufacturers with world-class process controls alongside smaller operations with less rigorous quality systems. Buyers need to conduct genuine due diligence rather than assuming that ‘Made in India’ is a uniform quality signal.

Conclusion

India’s solar manufacturing sector is attracting global attention for substantive reasons — policy support, genuine capability development, geopolitical tailwinds, and a domestic market large enough to underwrite continued investment. The question is no longer whether Indian solar module manufacturing is serious, but how quickly it can close the remaining cost and quality gaps to become a genuinely competitive global supply source. For buyers building procurement strategies today, building relationships with capable Indian manufacturers now positions them well for a supply chain landscape that will look materially different by 2027.

Frequently Asked Questions

  1. Why is India becoming important in solar manufacturing?

India is expanding solar manufacturing through government policies such as PLI schemes, ALMM regulations, and import duties, encouraging domestic production.

  1. What is the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme?

The PLI scheme is a government initiative that supports solar manufacturers by providing financial incentives for producing high-efficiency solar modules in India.

  1. How does ALMM affect solar manufacturing?

ALMM requires solar projects under government tenders to use modules from approved manufacturers, strengthening domestic solar production.

  1. Are Indian solar modules exported internationally?

Yes. Indian manufacturers are increasingly supplying solar modules to global markets including the United States, Europe, and Southeast Asia.

  1. What challenges does India’s solar manufacturing industry face?

Challenges include dependence on imported wafers and polysilicon, supply chain costs, and competition with large global manufacturers.

  1. What is solar module manufacturing?

Solar module manufacturing involves assembling photovoltaic cells into panels that can generate electricity when exposed to sunlight.

  1. What is the difference between solar cells and solar modules?

Solar cells generate electricity individually, while solar modules connect multiple cells together to form complete solar panels.

What EPC Companies Should Look for in a Solar Cell and Module Manufacturer

Websol Branding on March 23, 2026

What EPC Companies Should Look for in a Solar Cell and Module Manufacturer

EPC companies occupy a unique position in the solar supply chain. Unlike project developers who can take a longer-term view on supplier relationships, EPCs are measured on project delivery — on schedule, on budget, and to the performance specifications that their developer clients have committed to lenders and offtakers. This creates a distinct set of requirements when evaluating upstream solar cell and module manufacturers.

The considerations that matter most to EPCs are not always the same as those prioritized in procurement discussions focused purely on component price. This guide maps out the evaluation criteria that experienced EPC organizations use when shortlisting and qualifying solar cell and module manufacturers.

Supply Reliability and Allocation Management

 

The most expensive outcome for an EPC is a module delivery delay that pushes a project commissioning beyond a deadline tied to tariff eligibility, grid curtailment windows, or penalty provisions. A manufacturer’s track record on on-time delivery is therefore a primary evaluation criterion — and it is poorly correlated with the manufacturer’s headline capacity.

Large capacity does not guarantee reliable allocation. Manufacturers who are heavily over-subscribed may push smaller EPC buyers to the back of the queue during demand spikes. Understanding a manufacturer’s customer concentration — what percentage of their output is committed to long-term supply agreements with large buyers — gives insight into how much production flexibility they can offer to project-based buyers.

EPCs with recurring project pipelines are better positioned to negotiate allocation security through framework agreements that provide volume commitments in exchange for supply priority. For EPC companies without a predictable pipeline, qualifying multiple manufacturers reduces concentration risk.

Product Quality Consistency, Not Just Peak Specifications

 

Module datasheets present peak performance under Standard Test Conditions (STC) — 1000 W/m² irradiance, 25°C cell temperature, AM 1.5 spectrum. Field conditions in India, where ambient temperatures routinely reach 40–45°C and cell temperatures can exceed 70°C, are substantially different. The performance characteristics that matter for Indian installations include temperature coefficient (lower is better), low-light performance, and actual degradation rates rather than warranty coverage language.

Quality consistency across a production batch is a separate question from peak specification. EPCs installing modules at scale need to know that the power output distribution within a delivery lot falls within a tight range. High variance within a batch creates stringing and mismatch challenges that reduce system performance below modeled yield. Request flash test data distributions — not just nominal values — when evaluating module manufacturers.

For EPCs that source cells and operate their own or partner module production lines, the same principle applies at the cell level. Tight efficiency binning from manufacturers like Websol, which produces solar cells as a focused upstream operation, is a meaningful value driver for module production yields.

Bankability and Third-Party Certification

 

Lender technical advisors (LTAs) representing project finance institutions conduct their own assessments of module manufacturers during due diligence. A manufacturer that is not recognized as bankable by major LTAs — including firms like DNV, Black & Veatch, and Bureau Veritas — can create financing complications that delay financial close.

Beyond bankability classification, specific certifications matter. IEC 61215 (module design qualification), IEC 61730 (module safety), and PID resistance testing are baseline. For projects in coastal or high-humidity environments, IEC 61701 (salt mist corrosion) is relevant. Understanding which certifications a manufacturer holds — and ensuring they cover the specific product variant being procured, not just a different product family — is part of thorough qualification.

Technical Support and Warranty Service Infrastructure

 

A module warranty is only as valuable as the manufacturer’s ability to honor it. EPCs evaluating manufacturers should assess the warranty terms specifically — not just headline warranty duration but the degradation guarantee structure (linear vs. step-down), the claim process, and the manufacturer’s financial standing relative to the warranty obligations they are underwriting.

Technical support during installation is separately important. Access to manufacturer engineers during commissioning, remote performance monitoring support, and clear escalation paths for technical issues are differentiators that are difficult to assess from procurement documents but highly relevant during project execution.

ALMM Compliance and Regulatory Alignment

 

For EPC companies working on government-tendered projects in India — SECI, NTPC, state DISCOM tenders — procuring from ALMM-listed manufacturers is not optional. Verifying that the specific module model (not just the manufacturer) is listed on the current ALMM version before procurement locks in a specification is a practical step that avoids late-stage compliance complications.

The ALMM list is updated periodically, and models can be added or removed. EPCs managing multi-year procurement cycles should build ALMM verification into their procurement calendar rather than performing a one-time check at tender qualification.

Integrated Cell and Module Supply: An Underappreciated Advantage

 

EPCs specifying modules should understand the cell sourcing strategy of their module suppliers. Modules assembled from cells produced by a manufacturer with strong upstream control — where cell quality inputs, bifaciality factors, and efficiency distributions are tightly managed — offer more predictable and consistent module performance than those assembled from spot-market cell procurement.

India’s integrated solar cell and module manufacturing sector — where manufacturers produce both cells and finished modules under unified quality control — is growing. Engaging with manufacturers that offer this integration provides EPCs with supply chain transparency that is increasingly demanded by sophisticated project finance structures.

Conclusion

 

EPC companies that treat solar module procurement as a commodity buying exercise consistently encounter problems that project-focused procurement processes avoid. Quality consistency, supply reliability, bankability, and technical support are the criteria that determine whether a manufacturer is a genuine execution partner or simply a source of risk. India’s growing solar manufacturing ecosystem includes manufacturers that meet serious EPC qualification standards — identifying and building relationships with them is a competitive advantage in project delivery.

Frequently Asked Questions

 

  1. What does an EPC company do in solar projects?

EPC companies design, procure, and construct solar power systems, managing the entire project lifecycle from engineering to installation.

  1. Why is manufacturer reliability important for EPC companies?

Reliable manufacturers ensure timely delivery of solar modules and consistent product quality, which helps EPC contractors meet project deadlines.

  1. What certifications should EPC companies check?

EPC companies should verify certifications such as IEC standards, ISO quality systems, and ALMM approval.

  1. Why does product consistency matter for solar installations?

Consistent module performance reduces mismatch losses and improves overall solar system efficiency.

  1. How does bankability affect solar projects?

Bankable manufacturers are trusted by lenders and investors, which helps solar projects secure financing.

  1. What is solar EPC?

Solar EPC stands for Engineering, Procurement, and Construction — the process of designing and building solar power plants.

  1. What is bankability in solar manufacturing?

Bankability refers to the financial credibility and reliability of a solar manufacturer from the perspective of investors and lenders.

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